HTML Named Entities

HTML named entities are shorthand references for characters that are either reserved in HTML markup (< for <, & for &) or difficult to type directly (© for ©, € for €). Named entities were defined in HTML 4 and extended in HTML5 to cover the full set of Unicode characters with registered names.

All 233 named entities are listed below, grouped by category. Every entity links to its full character page showing encoding in UTF-8, UTF-16, ASCII, and legacy encodings. You can also use the numeric forms A (decimal) or A (hex) for any Unicode codepoint.

Currency Symbol

Entity	Char	Codepoint	HTML Decimal	UTF-8 Bytes	Description
¢	¢	U+00A2	¢	C2 A2	CENT SIGN
¤	¤	U+00A4	¤	C2 A4	CURRENCY SIGN
€	€	U+20AC	€	E2 82 AC	EURO SIGN
£	£	U+00A3	£	C2 A3	POUND SIGN
¥	¥	U+00A5	¥	C2 A5	YEN SIGN

Dash Punctuation

Entity	Char	Codepoint	HTML Decimal	UTF-8 Bytes	Description
—	—	U+2014	—	E2 80 94	EM DASH
–	–	U+2013	–	E2 80 93	EN DASH

Final Punctuation

Entity	Char	Codepoint	HTML Decimal	UTF-8 Bytes	Description
»	»	U+00BB	»	C2 BB	RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
”	”	U+201D	”	E2 80 9D	RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
&rsaquo;	›	U+203A	›	E2 80 BA	SINGLE RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
’	’	U+2019	’	E2 80 99	RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK

Format

Entity	Char	Codepoint	HTML Decimal	UTF-8 Bytes	Description
&lrm;	‎	U+200E	‎	E2 80 8E	LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK
&rlm;	‏	U+200F	‏	E2 80 8F	RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK
		U+00AD		C2 AD	SOFT HYPHEN
&zwj;	‍	U+200D	‍	E2 80 8D	ZERO WIDTH JOINER
&zwnj;	‌	U+200C	‌	E2 80 8C	ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER

Initial Punctuation

Entity	Char	Codepoint	HTML Decimal	UTF-8 Bytes	Description
«	«	U+00AB	«	C2 AB	LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
“	“	U+201C	“	E2 80 9C	LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
&lsaquo;	‹	U+2039	‹	E2 80 B9	SINGLE LEFT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
‘	‘	U+2018	‘	E2 80 98	LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK

Lowercase Letter

Entity	Char	Codepoint	HTML Decimal	UTF-8 Bytes	Description
á	á	U+00E1	á	C3 A1	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE
â	â	U+00E2	â	C3 A2	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX
æ	æ	U+00E6	æ	C3 A6	LATIN SMALL LETTER AE
à	à	U+00E0	à	C3 A0	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE
α	α	U+03B1	α	CE B1	GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA
å	å	U+00E5	å	C3 A5	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE
ã	ã	U+00E3	ã	C3 A3	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE
ä	ä	U+00E4	ä	C3 A4	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS
β	β	U+03B2	β	CE B2	GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA
ç	ç	U+00E7	ç	C3 A7	LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA
χ	χ	U+03C7	χ	CF 87	GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI
δ	δ	U+03B4	δ	CE B4	GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA
é	é	U+00E9	é	C3 A9	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE
ê	ê	U+00EA	ê	C3 AA	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX
è	è	U+00E8	è	C3 A8	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE
ε	ε	U+03B5	ε	CE B5	GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON
η	η	U+03B7	η	CE B7	GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA
ð	ð	U+00F0	ð	C3 B0	LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH
ë	ë	U+00EB	ë	C3 AB	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS
&fnof;	ƒ	U+0192	ƒ	C6 92	LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH HOOK
γ	γ	U+03B3	γ	CE B3	GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA
í	í	U+00ED	í	C3 AD	LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE
î	î	U+00EE	î	C3 AE	LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX
ì	ì	U+00EC	ì	C3 AC	LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE
ι	ι	U+03B9	ι	CE B9	GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA
ï	ï	U+00EF	ï	C3 AF	LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS
κ	κ	U+03BA	κ	CE BA	GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA
λ	λ	U+03BB	λ	CE BB	GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA
µ	µ	U+00B5	µ	C2 B5	MICRO SIGN
μ	μ	U+03BC	μ	CE BC	GREEK SMALL LETTER MU
ñ	ñ	U+00F1	ñ	C3 B1	LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE
ν	ν	U+03BD	ν	CE BD	GREEK SMALL LETTER NU
ó	ó	U+00F3	ó	C3 B3	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE
ô	ô	U+00F4	ô	C3 B4	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX
&oelig;	œ	U+0153	œ	C5 93	LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE
ò	ò	U+00F2	ò	C3 B2	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE
ω	ω	U+03C9	ω	CF 89	GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA
ο	ο	U+03BF	ο	CE BF	GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON
ø	ø	U+00F8	ø	C3 B8	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE
õ	õ	U+00F5	õ	C3 B5	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE
ö	ö	U+00F6	ö	C3 B6	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS
φ	φ	U+03C6	φ	CF 86	GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI
π	π	U+03C0	π	CF 80	GREEK SMALL LETTER PI
ϖ	ϖ	U+03D6	ϖ	CF 96	GREEK PI SYMBOL
ψ	ψ	U+03C8	ψ	CF 88	GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI
ρ	ρ	U+03C1	ρ	CF 81	GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO
&scaron;	š	U+0161	š	C5 A1	LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON
σ	σ	U+03C3	σ	CF 83	GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA
&sigmaf;	ς	U+03C2	ς	CF 82	GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA
ß	ß	U+00DF	ß	C3 9F	LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S
τ	τ	U+03C4	τ	CF 84	GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU
θ	θ	U+03B8	θ	CE B8	GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA
&thetasym;	ϑ	U+03D1	ϑ	CF 91	GREEK THETA SYMBOL
þ	þ	U+00FE	þ	C3 BE	LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN
ú	ú	U+00FA	ú	C3 BA	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE
û	û	U+00FB	û	C3 BB	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX
ù	ù	U+00F9	ù	C3 B9	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE
υ	υ	U+03C5	υ	CF 85	GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON
ü	ü	U+00FC	ü	C3 BC	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS
ξ	ξ	U+03BE	ξ	CE BE	GREEK SMALL LETTER XI
ý	ý	U+00FD	ý	C3 BD	LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE
ÿ	ÿ	U+00FF	ÿ	C3 BF	LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS
ζ	ζ	U+03B6	ζ	CE B6	GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA

Math Symbol

Entity	Char	Codepoint	HTML Decimal	UTF-8 Bytes	Description
&and;	∧	U+2227	∧	E2 88 A7	LOGICAL AND
&ang;	∠	U+2220	∠	E2 88 A0	ANGLE
≈	≈	U+2248	≈	E2 89 88	ALMOST EQUAL TO
∩	∩	U+2229	∩	E2 88 A9	INTERSECTION
&cong;	≅	U+2245	≅	E2 89 85	APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO
∪	∪	U+222A	∪	E2 88 AA	UNION
↓	↓	U+2193	↓	E2 86 93	DOWNWARDS ARROW
÷	÷	U+00F7	÷	C3 B7	DIVISION SIGN
∅	∅	U+2205	∅	E2 88 85	EMPTY SET
&equiv;	≡	U+2261	≡	E2 89 A1	IDENTICAL TO
∃	∃	U+2203	∃	E2 88 83	THERE EXISTS
∀	∀	U+2200	∀	E2 88 80	FOR ALL
≥	≥	U+2265	≥	E2 89 A5	GREATER-THAN OR EQUAL TO
>	>	U+003E	>	3E	GREATER-THAN SIGN
↔	↔	U+2194	↔	E2 86 94	LEFT RIGHT ARROW
∞	∞	U+221E	∞	E2 88 9E	INFINITY
∫	∫	U+222B	∫	E2 88 AB	INTEGRAL
∈	∈	U+2208	∈	E2 88 88	ELEMENT OF
←	←	U+2190	←	E2 86 90	LEFTWARDS ARROW
≤	≤	U+2264	≤	E2 89 A4	LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO
&lowast;	∗	U+2217	∗	E2 88 97	ASTERISK OPERATOR
<	<	U+003C	<	3C	LESS-THAN SIGN
−	−	U+2212	−	E2 88 92	MINUS SIGN
∇	∇	U+2207	∇	E2 88 87	NABLA
≠	≠	U+2260	≠	E2 89 A0	NOT EQUAL TO
&ni;	∋	U+220B	∋	E2 88 8B	CONTAINS AS MEMBER
¬	¬	U+00AC	¬	C2 AC	NOT SIGN
∉	∉	U+2209	∉	E2 88 89	NOT AN ELEMENT OF
&nsub;	⊄	U+2284	⊄	E2 8A 84	NOT A SUBSET OF
&oplus;	⊕	U+2295	⊕	E2 8A 95	CIRCLED PLUS
&or;	∨	U+2228	∨	E2 88 A8	LOGICAL OR
&otimes;	⊗	U+2297	⊗	E2 8A 97	CIRCLED TIMES
∂	∂	U+2202	∂	E2 88 82	PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
&perp;	⊥	U+22A5	⊥	E2 8A A5	UP TACK
±	±	U+00B1	±	C2 B1	PLUS-MINUS SIGN
∏	∏	U+220F	∏	E2 88 8F	N-ARY PRODUCT
&prop;	∝	U+221D	∝	E2 88 9D	PROPORTIONAL TO
√	√	U+221A	√	E2 88 9A	SQUARE ROOT
→	→	U+2192	→	E2 86 92	RIGHTWARDS ARROW
⋅	⋅	U+22C5	⋅	E2 8B 85	DOT OPERATOR
&sim;	∼	U+223C	∼	E2 88 BC	TILDE OPERATOR
⊂	⊂	U+2282	⊂	E2 8A 82	SUBSET OF
&sube;	⊆	U+2286	⊆	E2 8A 86	SUBSET OF OR EQUAL TO
∑	∑	U+2211	∑	E2 88 91	N-ARY SUMMATION
⊃	⊃	U+2283	⊃	E2 8A 83	SUPERSET OF
&supe;	⊇	U+2287	⊇	E2 8A 87	SUPERSET OF OR EQUAL TO
&there4;	∴	U+2234	∴	E2 88 B4	THEREFORE
×	×	U+00D7	×	C3 97	MULTIPLICATION SIGN
↑	↑	U+2191	↑	E2 86 91	UPWARDS ARROW

Modifier Letter

Entity	Char	Codepoint	HTML Decimal	UTF-8 Bytes	Description
&circ;	ˆ	U+02C6	ˆ	CB 86	MODIFIER LETTER CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT

Modifier Symbol

Entity	Char	Codepoint	HTML Decimal	UTF-8 Bytes	Description
´	´	U+00B4	´	C2 B4	ACUTE ACCENT
¸	¸	U+00B8	¸	C2 B8	CEDILLA
¯	¯	U+00AF	¯	C2 AF	MACRON
&tilde;	˜	U+02DC	˜	CB 9C	SMALL TILDE
¨	¨	U+00A8	¨	C2 A8	DIAERESIS

Open Punctuation

Entity	Char	Codepoint	HTML Decimal	UTF-8 Bytes	Description
&bdquo;	„	U+201E	„	E2 80 9E	DOUBLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK
&sbquo;	‚	U+201A	‚	E2 80 9A	SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK

Other Letter

Entity	Char	Codepoint	HTML Decimal	UTF-8 Bytes	Description
ª	ª	U+00AA	ª	C2 AA	FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR
º	º	U+00BA	º	C2 BA	MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR

Other Number

Entity	Char	Codepoint	HTML Decimal	UTF-8 Bytes	Description
½	½	U+00BD	½	C2 BD	VULGAR FRACTION ONE HALF
¼	¼	U+00BC	¼	C2 BC	VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER
¾	¾	U+00BE	¾	C2 BE	VULGAR FRACTION THREE QUARTERS
¹	¹	U+00B9	¹	C2 B9	SUPERSCRIPT ONE
²	²	U+00B2	²	C2 B2	SUPERSCRIPT TWO
³	³	U+00B3	³	C2 B3	SUPERSCRIPT THREE

Other Punctuation

Entity	Char	Codepoint	HTML Decimal	UTF-8 Bytes	Description
&Dagger;	‡	U+2021	‡	E2 80 A1	DOUBLE DAGGER
&	&	U+0026	&	26	AMPERSAND
'	'	U+0027	'	27	APOSTROPHE
•	•	U+2022	•	E2 80 A2	BULLET
&dagger;	†	U+2020	†	E2 80 A0	DAGGER
…	…	U+2026	…	E2 80 A6	HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS
¡	¡	U+00A1	¡	C2 A1	INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK
¿	¿	U+00BF	¿	C2 BF	INVERTED QUESTION MARK
·	·	U+00B7	·	C2 B7	MIDDLE DOT
¶	¶	U+00B6	¶	C2 B6	PILCROW SIGN
&permil;	‰	U+2030	‰	E2 80 B0	PER MILLE SIGN
"	"	U+0022	"	22	QUOTATION MARK
§	§	U+00A7	§	C2 A7	SECTION SIGN

Other Symbol

Entity	Char	Codepoint	HTML Decimal	UTF-8 Bytes	Description
¦	¦	U+00A6	¦	C2 A6	BROKEN BAR
&clubs;	♣	U+2663	♣	E2 99 A3	BLACK CLUB SUIT
©	©	U+00A9	©	C2 A9	COPYRIGHT SIGN
&crarr;	↵	U+21B5	↵	E2 86 B5	DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH CORNER LEFTWARDS
°	°	U+00B0	°	C2 B0	DEGREE SIGN
&diams;	♦	U+2666	♦	E2 99 A6	BLACK DIAMOND SUIT
&hearts;	♥	U+2665	♥	E2 99 A5	BLACK HEART SUIT
®	®	U+00AE	®	C2 AE	REGISTERED SIGN
&spades;	♠	U+2660	♠	E2 99 A0	BLACK SPADE SUIT
™	™	U+2122	™	E2 84 A2	TRADE MARK SIGN

Space Separator

Entity	Codepoint	UTF-8 Bytes	Description
&emsp;	U+2003	E2 80 83	EM SPACE
&ensp;	U+2002	E2 80 82	EN SPACE
	U+00A0	C2 A0	NO-BREAK SPACE
	U+2009	E2 80 89	THIN SPACE

Uppercase Letter

Entity	Char	Codepoint	HTML Decimal	UTF-8 Bytes	Description
Æ	Æ	U+00C6	Æ	C3 86	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE
Á	Á	U+00C1	Á	C3 81	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE
Â	Â	U+00C2	Â	C3 82	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX
À	À	U+00C0	À	C3 80	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE
Α	Α	U+0391	Α	CE 91	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA
Å	Å	U+00C5	Å	C3 85	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE
Ã	Ã	U+00C3	Ã	C3 83	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE
Ä	Ä	U+00C4	Ä	C3 84	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS
Β	Β	U+0392	Β	CE 92	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA
Ç	Ç	U+00C7	Ç	C3 87	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA
Χ	Χ	U+03A7	Χ	CE A7	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI
Δ	Δ	U+0394	Δ	CE 94	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA
Ð	Ð	U+00D0	Ð	C3 90	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ETH
É	É	U+00C9	É	C3 89	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE
Ê	Ê	U+00CA	Ê	C3 8A	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX
È	È	U+00C8	È	C3 88	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH GRAVE
Ε	Ε	U+0395	Ε	CE 95	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON
Η	Η	U+0397	Η	CE 97	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA
Ë	Ë	U+00CB	Ë	C3 8B	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS
Γ	Γ	U+0393	Γ	CE 93	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA
Í	Í	U+00CD	Í	C3 8D	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE
Î	Î	U+00CE	Î	C3 8E	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX
Ì	Ì	U+00CC	Ì	C3 8C	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE
Ι	Ι	U+0399	Ι	CE 99	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA
Ï	Ï	U+00CF	Ï	C3 8F	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS
Κ	Κ	U+039A	Κ	CE 9A	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA
Λ	Λ	U+039B	Λ	CE 9B	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA
Μ	Μ	U+039C	Μ	CE 9C	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU
Ñ	Ñ	U+00D1	Ñ	C3 91	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH TILDE
Ν	Ν	U+039D	Ν	CE 9D	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU
&OElig;	Œ	U+0152	Œ	C5 92	LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OE
Ó	Ó	U+00D3	Ó	C3 93	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTE
Ô	Ô	U+00D4	Ô	C3 94	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX
Ò	Ò	U+00D2	Ò	C3 92	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH GRAVE
Ω	Ω	U+03A9	Ω	CE A9	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA
Ο	Ο	U+039F	Ο	CE 9F	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON
Ø	Ø	U+00D8	Ø	C3 98	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE
Õ	Õ	U+00D5	Õ	C3 95	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE
Ö	Ö	U+00D6	Ö	C3 96	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS
Φ	Φ	U+03A6	Φ	CE A6	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI
Π	Π	U+03A0	Π	CE A0	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI
Ψ	Ψ	U+03A8	Ψ	CE A8	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI
Ρ	Ρ	U+03A1	Ρ	CE A1	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO
&Scaron;	Š	U+0160	Š	C5 A0	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON
Σ	Σ	U+03A3	Σ	CE A3	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA
Þ	Þ	U+00DE	Þ	C3 9E	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN
Τ	Τ	U+03A4	Τ	CE A4	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU
Θ	Θ	U+0398	Θ	CE 98	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA
Ú	Ú	U+00DA	Ú	C3 9A	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE
Û	Û	U+00DB	Û	C3 9B	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX
Ù	Ù	U+00D9	Ù	C3 99	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH GRAVE
Υ	Υ	U+03A5	Υ	CE A5	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON
Ü	Ü	U+00DC	Ü	C3 9C	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS
Ξ	Ξ	U+039E	Ξ	CE 9E	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER XI
Ý	Ý	U+00DD	Ý	C3 9D	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE
&Yuml;	Ÿ	U+0178	Ÿ	C5 B8	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS
Ζ	Ζ	U+0396	Ζ	CE 96	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA
&upsih;	ϒ	U+03D2	ϒ	CF 92	GREEK UPSILON WITH HOOK SYMBOL

HTML Entities FAQ

When do I need to use HTML entities?

You must escape < (<), > (>), and & (&) wherever they appear as literal characters in HTML content, since the parser treats them as markup. Inside attributes, also escape " (") or ' ('). For all other characters, if your document is UTF-8 encoded (it should be), you can use the characters directly — entities are optional and just add noise.

What is the difference between &nbsp; and a regular space?

A regular space (U+0020) is collapsible — browsers merge sequences of spaces into one and break lines at spaces. A non-breaking space ( , U+00A0) prevents line breaking and is not collapsed. Use   only when you specifically need to prevent a break, not as a general indentation tool.

Can I use numeric entities for any character?

Yes. Any Unicode codepoint can be referenced as a decimal entity (€ for €) or hex entity (€ for €). These work even for characters without a named form. The named entities are just memorable shortcuts for the most common ones.